Lesson 78: Using abs() Math Function
Learn how abs() returns absolute value and helps compare distance/error without sign confusion.
Lesson Template
Math Functions
Use map(), constrain(), and rounding for sensor logic.
Lesson Overview
This lesson introduces the core ideas behind Math Functions.
- map()
- constrain()
- min/max
Example Code
int pwm = map(sensor, 0, 4095, 0, 255);
pwm = constrain(pwm, 0, 255);Lessons in This Section
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Lesson 79: Using constrain() Function
Learn how constrain() keeps values inside min/max limits for safer sensor and output logic.
Lesson 80: Using map() Function
Learn how map() scales values between ranges for sensor conversion and output control.
Lesson 81: Using max() Function
Learn how max() compares two values and returns the larger value for robust decision logic.
Lesson 82: Using min() Function
Learn how min() compares two values and returns the smaller value for protective control rules.
Lesson 83: Using pow() Function
Learn how pow() raises a base value to an exponent for scaling and formula-based calculations.
Lesson 84: Using sq() Function
Learn how sq() squares values quickly and how it compares with pow(x, 2).
Lesson 85: Using sqrt() Function
Learn how sqrt() finds square roots for distance formulas and math-driven control calculations.
Lesson 86: Using cos() Function
Learn how cos() generates periodic values from angles for wave-style and cyclic control behavior.
Lesson 87: Using sin() Function
Learn how sin() generates smooth periodic values from angles for wave-style output and cyclic motion logic.
Lesson 88: Using tan() Function
Learn how tan() represents sine/cosine ratio, where its range can grow quickly, and when to use it safely.
Lesson 89: Using random() Function
Learn how random() generates pseudo-random values, define safe ranges, and improve variability with randomSeed().
Lesson 90: Using randomSeed() Function
Learn how randomSeed() sets generator start state, improves variation after reset, and works with random().